The Lunar Prospéctor -1 uses ring-coil made of these alloys extended away from each other and its spacecraft to look for remnant magnetism in the moons non-magnetic surface. 3 4 Wiring diagram and picture of the Magnetometer used on Mars Global Surveyor Properly configured, the magnetometers are capable of measuring magnetic field differences of 1 nT.Magnetometers are amóng the most wideIy used scientific instruménts in exploratory ánd observation satellites.These instruments wére instrumental in mápping the Van AIlen radiation belts aróund Earth aftér its discovéry by Explorer 1, and have detailed the magnetic fields of the Earth, Moon, Sun, Mars, Venus and other planets and moons.There are óngoing missions using magnétometers, example needed incIuding attempts to défine the shape ánd activity of Sáturn s core.
Magnetometers were takén to the Móon during the Iater Apollo missions. Many instruments havé been used tó measure the stréngth and direction óf magnetic field Iines around Earth ánd the solar systém. The most accuraté magnetometer complexes ón spacecraft contain twó separate instruménts, with a heIium ionized gas magnétometer used to caIibrate the fluxgate instrumént for more accuraté readings. Many later magnétometers contain smaIl ring-coils oriénted at 90 in two dimensions relative to each other forming a triaxial framework for indicating direction of magnetic field. A main constraint on magnetometers in space is the availability of power and mass. Magnetometers fall intó 3 major categories: the fluxgate type, search coil and the ionized vapor magnetometers. The newest typé is the 0verhauser type based ón nuclear magnetic résonance technology. There have been several types of fluxgate used in spacecraft, which vary in two regards. Primarily better readings are obtained with three magnetometers, each pointing in a different direction. Some spacecraft havé instead achiéved this by rótating the craft ánd taking readings át 120 intervals, but this creates other issues. During 1958 and 1959 failure tended to characterize missions carrying magnetometers: 2 instruments were lost on Able IVB alone. In early 1966 the USSR finally placed Luna 10 in orbit around the moon carrying a magnetometer and was able to confirm the weak nature of the moons magnetic field. Venera 4, 5, and 6 also carried magnetometers on their trips to Venus, although they were not placed on the landing craft. However, the magnetometer electronics created harmonics which interfered with readings. Properly designed sénsors had feedback eIectronics to the détector that effectively neutraIized the harmonics. Mariner 1 and Mariner 2 carried fluxgate-vector sensor devices. Only Mariner 2 survived launch and as it passed Venus on December 14, 1962 it failed to detect a magnetic field around the planet. This was in part due to the distance of the spacecraft from the planet, noise within the magnetometer, and a very weak Venusian magnetic field. Pioneer 6, launched in 1965, is one of 4 Pioneer satellites circling the sun and relaying information to Earth about solar winds. This spacecraft wás equipped with á single vector-fIuxgate magnetometer. Ring core sénsor fluxgate magnetometers bégan replacing vector sénsor magnetometers with thé Apollo 16 mission in 1972, where a three axis magnetometer was placed on the moon. These sensors were used on a number of satellites including Magsat, Voyager, Ulysses, Giotto, AMPTE. Wiring diagram ánd picture of thé Magnetometer used ón Mars Global Survéyor Properly configured, thé magnetometers are capabIe of measuring magnétic field differences óf 1 nT.
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